Cosmetic Formulation by Benson Heather A. E.;

Author:Benson, Heather A. E.;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: CRC Press (CAM)

  FIGURE 14.1 Representation of the three different types of plant stem cell systems: shoot apical meristem, cambium and root apical meristem. (From Greb, Thomas, and Jan U. Lohmann, 2016, Current Biology 26 (17):R816–21.)

Animal Stem Cells

The two main types of stem cells from animals and humans, that have been worked on in the recent times are embryonic and non-embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are those that are derived from a 5-day preimplantation embryo. These are pluripotent cells that can grow into cells or tissues of any of the three germ layers – ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. These can be cultured in vitro to allow proliferation without differentiation for a long time. Non-embryonic stem cells, also known as somatic or adult stem cells are found in organs and differentiated tissues, and have shown to possess limited ability to differentiate and self-renew. Another type of stem cell is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that are somatic cells reprogrammed to assume an embryonic stem cell–like state.

Plant vs. Animal Stem Cells

Even though they are both undifferentiated cells with similar capabilities, there are certain differences in plant and animal stem cells. In both plants and animals, stems cells are maintained in specialized microenvironments called stem cell niches and are maintained by signals from specialized cells (Heidstra and Sabatini, 2014). The signals that control stem cells are more understood in animals than in plants so far. However, the astonishingly long life and robustness of plants have made plant stem cells a topic of interest in terms of their ability to act on animals. Use of animal- or human-based stem cells is also somewhat objectionable and not currently well received in our society (Bongso and Richards, 2004). The use of stem cells in the area of cosmetic research will be the focus of this chapter.

Applications of Stem Cells in Cosmetics

It is becoming a question asked more and more if the incredible regeneration potential, robustness and longevity of plant stem cells can be used to improve similar characteristics in humans. Gotlieb Haberlandt suggested in 1902 that an individual plant cell is capable of regenerating an entire plant (Byrne et al., 2003) and this was demonstrated in 1958 when a carrot was cloned by in vitro cultivation of carrot cells (Fehér, 2015). The peculiar characteristic by which plant cells are able to switch back and forth between differentiated somatic cells and undifferentiated stem cells is of specific interest in the cosmetic industry (Byrne et al., 2003). Apple tree is one of the many plant types that are being researched in order to explore the use of their stem cells in cosmetics including others such as grape, jasmine, common horehound and blue cornflower (Morus et al., 2014; Schmid et al., 2008) showed in a study that Uttwiler Spätlauber stem cell extract showed positive effects on longevity of skin and hair. They showed increase in viability of umbilical cord blood stem cells and lesser decrease of viable cells in the presence of UV light as a result of presence of Uttwiler Spätlauber stem cell extract.

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